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| Maria Theodoulou |
The U.K.'s Modern Slavery Act 2015 requires larger businesses to examine their supply chains and publish an annual modern slavery statement, detailing the steps taken to prevent modern slavery in their business and supply chains. This requirement, set out at section 54 of the act, only applies to companies with a global turnover of above £36 million which carry on business in the U.K.
However, many such larger companies now require their smaller suppliers to provide information as regards their supply chains in turn. In this way, the act is having a broad impact. In today's globalized economy, many companies source materials, components and products overseas. These often come from countries with poor standards in terms of worker's rights, where there is little transparency. It can therefore be a real challenge for companies to find reliable information about their supply chains.
The act broadly defines modern slavery as encompassing slavery, servitude and people trafficking. The Home Office has published statutory guidance under the act, "Transparency in Supply Chains etc. A practical guide." In this, the Home Office concedes that it is difficult to define modern slavery, explaining that, "There is a spectrum of abuse and it is not always clear at what point, for example, poor working practices and lack of health and safety awareness seep into instances of human trafficking, slavery or forced labor in a work environment. However, businesses have a responsibility to ensure that workers are not being exploited, that they are safe and that relevant employment (include wage and work hour), health and safety and human rights laws and international standards are adhered to, including freedom of movement and communications."
Therefore, companies need to take a broad approach when considering the possibility of modern slavery in their supply chains. The Home Office's guidance also states that a modern slavery statement should aim to include information about:
- The organization's structure, its business and its supply chains;
- Its policies in relation to slavery and human trafficking;
- Its due diligence processes in relation to slavery and human trafficking in its business and supply chains;
- The parts of its business and supply chains where there is a risk of slavery and human trafficking taking place, and the steps it has taken to assess and manage that risk;
- Its effectiveness in ensuring that slavery and human trafficking is not taking place in its business or supply chains, measured against such performance indicators as it considers appropriate; and
- The training and capacity building about slavery and human trafficking available to its staff.
Importantly, the guidance says, "The organisation should paint a detailed picture of all the steps it has taken to address and remedy modern slavery, and the effectiveness of all such steps." This implies that companies should annually monitor the effectiveness of the steps taken in previous years.
Key steps clearly involve having robust anti-modern slavery policies and also carrying out detailed due diligence on suppliers. The charity Anti-Slavery International recommends that companies ask their overseas suppliers very specific probing questions, including:
- Do workers feel free to refuse overtime?
- Did migrant workers pay a fee to get a job outside their hometown or country? What are the terms of repayment?
- Do workers retain complete control over their personal documents or have free access to them, if they are kept by their employer?
- Are workers paid on time, directly and in legal tender? Do they have payslips that accurately detail the hours they have worked and the rates which they are paid?
- Do you know who the workers are when you or your suppliers subcontract work? Are you aware of all subcontracting in your supply chain?
- Is prison labor used in the production of your goods?
Companies should also ask questions about the participation of children in suppliers' workforces. Specific requirements to prevent modern slavery, together with penalty clauses, and reporting requirements, can also be built into supplier contracts.
Under the act, the U.K. government may take an injunction to require a company to publish a modern slavery statement if it failed to do so. However, the Home Office is quite open about the fact that it sees the court of public opinion as the primary enforcer of modern slavery requirements.
The guidance states that the statement must be written in plain English and linked to from the company's homepage. The Home Office says that "it is vital that the statement can be easily accessible by anyone who wants to see it — the public, consumers, employees, NGOs or investors."
Using the force of public opinion to bring about change is perhaps an effective approach, since the U.K. cannot regulate matters outside its jurisdiction. Modern slavery statements focus minds and, by highlighting working conditions in overseas supply chains, can influence companies' behavior.
The court of public opinion can bring about real change. For example, Apple significantly stepped up its oversight of overseas suppliers in the wake of criticism of working conditions at Apple's Chinese supplier Foxconn. Apple now implements measures including a strict "no passport withholding" policy for overseas suppliers, and pays for training to ensure overseas supplier staff are aware of their rights. Such measures saw Apple win the Thomson Reuters Foundation "Stop Slavery Award" in 2018.
While much of the media focus has been on overseas suppliers, companies should not ignore the possibility of U.K. suppliers as a modern slavery risk. Thousands of workers have been trafficked into the U.K. and many work in dire conditions for little or no pay. As the workers are illegal immigrants and often speak little English, they feel unable to turn to the authorities, and become victim to exploitation. The UK's National Crime Agency believes modern slavery is increasing in the U.K.
Rather than dismissing modern slavery statements as yet another unnecessary regulatory requirement, companies can instead embrace them as an opportunity to consider the broader impact of their business practices in our increasingly interconnected global economy.
Maria Theodoulou is a partner at Stokoe Partnership Solicitors.
The opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the firm, its clients, or Portfolio Media Inc., or any of its or their respective affiliates. This article is for general information purposes and is not intended to be and should not be taken as legal advice.